Legitimizing surrogacy in Israel
A Benshushan and JG Schenker Hum. Reprod., Aug 1997; 12: 1832 - 1834 >> Lire
ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law 10: Surrogacy ESHRE Task Force on Ethics and Law including , F. Shenfield , G. Pennings , J. Cohen , P. Devroey , G. de Wert and B. Tarlatzis
This 10th statement of the Task Force on Ethics and Law considers ethical questions specific to varied surrogacy arrangements. Surrogacy is especially complex as the interests of the intended parents, the surrogate, and the future child may differ. It is concluded that surrogacy is an acceptable method of assisted reproductive technology of the last resort for specific medical indications, for which only reimbursement of reasonable expenses is allowed. >> LIre
Judy Callman Surrogacy – a case for normalization Hum. Reprod., Feb 1999; 14: 277 - 278. >> LIre
Bourn Hall Ethics Committee guidelines for surrogacy
Assisted reproductive practice: religious perspectives. JG Schenker
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Correspondence: schenker@cc.huji.ac.il
It is important to those who practise reproductive techniques to learn about different religious perspectives related to reproductive health problems. Religious groups are active in influencing the public regarding bioethical positions, and this is particularly evident with issues concerning procreation, abortion and infertility therapy. The Jewish attitude towards procreation is derived from the first commandment of God to Adam to 'Be fruitful and multiply'. Judaism allows the practice of all techniques of assisted reproduction when the oocyte and spermatozoon originate from the wife and husband respectively. The attitude toward reproductive practice varies among Christian groups. While assisted reproduction is not accepted by the Vatican, it may be practised by Protestant, Anglican and other denominations. According to traditional Christian views, beginning at conception the embryo has moral status as a human being, and thus most assisted reproductive technologies are forbidden. According to Islam, the procedures of IVF and embryo transfer are acceptable, although they can be performed only for husband and wife. Developments in science and technology and corresponding clinical applications raise new religious questions, often without clear answers. The role of theology in bioethics is integral to clarify perceived attitudes toward these developments for different religious communities. This paper presents the attitude of monotheistic religions to therapeutic procedures, such as IVF-embryo transfer, spermatozoa, oocytes, embryo donation, cryopreservation of genetic material, surrogacy, posthumous reproduction, gender preselection, reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive BioMedicine Online 2005 Vol. 10, No. 3. 310–319
Wombs for rent: an examination of prohibitory and regulatory approaches to governing preconception arrangements Chen M .
Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP, Toronto
On October 9, 2002, Bill C-13 had its first reading in the Canadian House of Commons. Bill C-13 was in the same form as Bill C-56 of the First Session of the Thirty-seventh Parliament, which had its first reading on May 9, 2002. Bill C-13, an Act respecting assisted human reproduction, prohibits the practice of commercial surrogacy or preconception agreements in Canada, under threat of criminal sanction. In the first half of the article, the author discusses the deficiencies of the Bill's prohibitory approach to governing surrogacy agreements. These problems include the difficulty of implementing a criminal regime, the weak constitutional basis on which the federal government claims jurisdiction to enact a criminal prohibition of commercial surrogacy and the legislation's inability to prevent exploitation and coercion of vulnerable parties in surrogacy arrangements. In the second half of the article, the author examines an alternative regulatory scheme proposed by the Ontario Law Reform Commission and compares it to the prohibitory approach. The author concludes that the regulatory approach is much more effective than the prohibitory approach in governing the practice of commercial and non-commercial surrogacy arrangements. Regulation minimises the potentially exploitative aspects of surrogacy and provides legal protection to both parties in the agreement. The regulatory scheme proposed by the Ontario Law Reform Commission is also more effective in protecting the best interests of the child born as a result of a preconception agreement.
Bibliographie - Médical
James M. Goldfarb, Cynthia Austin, Barry Peskin, Hannah Lisbona, Nina Desai, and J.Ricardo Loret de Mola Fifteen years experience with an in-vitro fertilization surrogate gestational pregnancy programme Hum. Reprod., May 2000; 15: 1075 - 1078 >> Lire
Shohre Beski, Amin Gorgy, Gheeta Venkat, Ian L. Craft, and Keith Edmonds Gestational surrogacy: a feasible option for patients with Rokitansky syndrome Hum. Reprod., Nov 2000; 15: 2326 - 2328. >> Lire
Perinatal outcome after in-vitro fertilization- surrogacy
Judy Parkinson, Cuong Tran, Tih Tan, Jeffrey Nelson, Joel Batzofin, and Paulo Serafini
Hum. Reprod., Mar 1999; 14: 671 - 676. >> Lire
Simplifying ovulation induction for surrogacy in women with Mayer- Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome
Ben-Rafael, I Bar-Hava, T Levy, and R Orvieto Hum. Reprod., Jun 1998; 13: 1470 - 1471. >> Lire
Treatment by in vitro fertilisation with surrogacy : experience of one British centre • Surrogacy should pay
Peter R Brinsden, Tim C Appleton, Elizabeth Murray, Mohammed Hussein, Fidelis Akagbosu, Samuel F Marcus, and Kim Cotton BMJ, Apr 2000; 320: 924 - 929 ; doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7239.924 >> Lire
Eight years' experience with an IVF surrogate gestational pregnancy programme.
Infertility and IVF Unit, Assaf Harofeh Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv University, Zerifin, 70300, Israel. araziel@012.net.il
The aim of this study was to retrospectively audit eight years' experience of an IVF surrogate gestational programme and to compare the outcome of surrogacy due to absence of the uterus with surrogacy indicated for repeated IVF failure and recurrent abortions. A total of 60 cycles of IVF surrogate pregnancy were initiated in 19 treated couples. Absence of the uterus was the indication for surrogacy in 10 cases: Rokitansky syndrome (eight cases) and post-hysterectomy (two cases) designated as group A. The indications in the remaining nine patients (group B) were: IVF implantation failure (three cases), habitual abortions (four cases) and deteriorating maternal diseases (two cases). IVF performance and subsequent pregnancy outcome of groups A and B were compared. There was no difference in ovarian stimulation parameters and in IVF performance between the groups A and B. The overall pregnancy rate per transfer was 10/60 (17%). The pregnancy rates per patient and per transfer were 7/10 (70%) and 7/35 (20%) in group A compared with 3/9 (33%) and 3/25 (12%) in group B. A median number of three treatment cycles were needed to achieve pregnancy. In conclusion, the existence or absence of the uterus in the commissioning mothers is irrelevant for their IVF performance and conception rates. In patients who conceived after more than three IVF cycles, an additional 'oocyte factor' might be present. >> Suite de l'article
Ethic and society :
O.B.A. den van Akker
Organizational selection and assessment of women entering a surrogacy agreement in the UK
Hum. Reprod., Jan 1999; 14: 262 - 266
Bibliographie - Psychologie
O.B.A. den van Akker
Organizational selection and assessment of women entering a surrogacy agreement in the UK Hum. Reprod., Jan 1999; 14: 262 - 266 >> Lire
Surrogacy : The experience of commissioning couples
Fiona MacCallum, Emma Lycett, Clare Murray, Vasanti Jadva, and Susan Golombok Hum. Reprod., Jun 2003; 18: 1334 - 1342. >> Lire
Olga van den Akker The importance of a genetic link in mothers commissioning a surrogate baby in the UK Hum. Reprod., Aug 2000; 15: 1849 - 1855. >> Lire
Vasanti Jadva, Clare Murray, Emma Lycett, Fiona MacCallum, and Susan Golombok
Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers Hum. Reprod., Oct 2003; 18: 2196 - 2204. >> Lire
Genetic and gestational surrogate mothers' experience of surrogacy
Author(s): van den Akker O Source: JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE AND INFANT PSYCHOLOGY 21 (2): 145-161 MAY 2003 Document Type: Article Language: English Cited References: 44 Abstract: The psychological characteristics, motivations and experiences of surrogate mothers have not received much research attention, yet their reproductive role has significant psychological, social, theoretical and politico-legal implications. Questionnaire data are presented for 24 surrogate [11 gestational (IVF), 13 genetic (AI)] mothers. Semi-structured and open-ended questions relating to motivations, experiences, support, knowledge, information, confidence, concerns, genetic link, disclosure and relinquishment issues, and standardized questionnaires assessing quality of life and psychopathology were included. It was hypothesized that genetic and gestational surrogates would differ on these measures, but few differences between groups were observed. The importance of a genetic link differed significantly between groups, substantiating the belief that surrogacy type specific cognitive restructuring is taking place to prepare them for the relinquishment process. Worries and concerns differed somewhat between genetic and gestational surrogates. In general, the experience of surrogacy was important and very positive for most surrogates, though some negative experiences were also reported. One surrogate reported some psychopathology but no significant differences in quality of life were apparent between the groups. The implications of the lack of substantial differences between these two types of surrogates are discussed, and provide some of the evidence needed to support current debates informing legislation, information and counselling. Addresses: van den Akker O (reprint author), Aston Univ, Dept Psychol, Neurosci Res Inst, Birmingham, W Midlands B4 7ET England
Aston Univ, Dept Psychol, Neurosci Res Inst, Birmingham, W Midlands B4 7ET England Publisher: CARFAX PUBLISHING, RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND Subject Category: PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY IDS Number: 705MA
ISSN: 0264-6838
Background: Findings are presented of the second phase of a longitudinal study of families created through surrogacy. Methods: At the time of the child's 2nd birthday, 37 surrogacy families were compared with 48 egg donation families and 68 natural conception families on standardised interview and questionnaire measures of the psychological well-being of the parents, parent-child relationships and the psychological functioning of the child. Results: The surrogacy mothers showed more positive parent-child relationships, and the surrogacy fathers reported lower levels of parenting stress, than their natural conception counterparts. The surrogacy children did not differ from the natural conception children with respect to socio-emotional or cognitive development. Conclusions: Surrogacy does not appear to impact negatively on parenting or child development in families with 2-year-old children.
Families Created Through Surrogacy Arrangements: Parent-Child Relationships in the 1st Year of Life.
by Golombok, Susan; Murray, Clare; Jadva, Vasanti; MacCallum, Fiona; Lycett, Emma from Developmental Psychology. 2004 May Vol 40(3) 400-411
Findings are presented of a study of families created through surrogacy arrangements. Forty-two surrogacy families were compared with 51 egg-donation families and 80 natural-conception families on standardized interview and questionnaire measures of the psychological well-being of the parents, the quality of parent-child relationships, and infant temperament. The differences that were identified between the surrogacy families and the other family types indicated greater psychological well-being and adaptation to parenthood by mothers and fathers of children born through surrogacy arrangements than by the natural-conception parents. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved).
BACKGROUND: Findings are presented of the third phase of a longitudinal study of children conceived by assisted reproduction procedures involving surrogacy and/or donor conception. METHODS: At the time of the child's third birthday, 34 surrogacy families, 41 donor insemination families and 41 oocyte donation families were compared with 67 natural conception families on standardized interview and questionnaire measures of the psychological well-being of the parents, mother-child relationships and the psychological well-being of the child. RESULTS: The differences found between family types reflected higher levels of warmth and interaction between mothers and their 3-year-old children in assisted reproduction families than in families with a naturally conceived child. A higher proportion of surrogacy parents than donor conception parents had told their children about the nature of their birth. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that the absence of a genetic and/or gestational link between parents and their child does not have a negative impact on parent-child relationships or the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers or children at age 3.
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